كتاب Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry من كتب علمية (Subject Area: Organic Chemistry) Article Authors Pages in the Encyclopedia Acetylene Robert J. Tedeschi Pages 55-89 Alkaloids Armin Guggisberg and Manfred Hesse Pages 477-493 Bioconjugate Chemistry Claude F. Meares Pages 93-98 Carbohydrates Hassan S. El Khadem Pages 369-416 Catalysis, Homogeneous Piet W. N. M. van Leeuwen Pages 457-490 Fuel Chemistry Sarma V. Pisupadti Pages 253-274 Heterocyclic Chemistry Charles M. Marson Pages 321-343 Organic Chemical Systems, Theory Josef Michl Pages 435-457 Organic Chemistry, Synthesis John Welch Pages 497-515 Organic Macrocycles J. Ty Redd, Reed M. Izatt and Jerald S. Bradshaw Pages 517-528 Organometallic Chemistry Robert H. Crabtree Pages 529-538 Pharmaceuticals, Controlled Release of Giancarlo Santus and Richard W. Baker Pages 791-803 Physical Organic Chemistry Charles L. Perrin Pages 211-243 Stereochemistry Ernest L. Eliel Pages 79-93 GLOSSARY Acetylenic Pertaining to organic compounds containing a triple bond ( C C ) or acetylene group in the molecule. Adjuvant Acetylenic diol used with pesticides to en- hance activity, lower the rate of application, and in- crease safety. Alkynol Primary, secondary, or tertiary acetylenic alco- hol with the hydroxyl group generally adjacent or α to the triple bond. Ammoxidation Acrylonitrile manufactured by oxidation of propylene in the presence of ammonia. Aprotic Pertaining to highly polar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphospho- ramide (HMPA), N -methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), and acetonitrile that can hydrogen bond or complex with acetylene and acetylenic compounds; used to dissolve and activate acetylene. Carbonylation Reaction of acetylene with carbon monoxide and alcohols to form acrylate esters; Reppe process. Commodity chemicals Large-volume, multitonnage chemicals, some of which are derived from acetylene. Ethynylation Reaction of acetylene with aldehydes and ketones to form acetylenic alcohols and diols. Grignard Organomagnesium halide used in acetylenic and other syntheses. Oil-well acidizing Use of acetylenic alcohols (alkynols) as corrosion inhibitors to protect steel pipe during acidizing operations undertaken to free oil from lime- stone formations. Pesticides Agricultural chemicals including herbicides, insecticides, miticides, fungicides, and bacterial con- trol agents. Reppe products and technology Pioneered by Dr. Walter Reppe of the I. G. Farben; various prod- ucts derived from the reaction of acetylene with ACETYLENE CHEMISTRY is the chemistry of the carbon–carbon triple bond ( C C ). This functionality defines the unique chemistry of this reactive group, in ad- dition to its diverse and important applications. The high electron density of the triple bond with its circular, sym- metrical π field makes acetylene and its derivatives reac- tive and useful intermediates for synthesizing a wide va- riety of organic compounds. These organic products find wide use in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances, vita- mins A, E, and K, β-carotene, pesticides, surfactants, cor- rosion inhibitors, and specially intermediates. This article describes the technology and applications of acetylene, acetylenic compounds, and the chemicals derived from them. In the mid-1960s more than 1 billion pounds of acetylene were used annually for the production of large-volume (commodity) chemicals. Since then, acety- lene has been gradually supplanted by less expensive olefin feedstocks. However, acetylene is still used in multimillion-pound levels to produce Reppe chemicals (butynediol, propargyl alcohol, butanediol, butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and vinyl ether copolymers) and specialty acetylenic chemicals and their derivatives. Large volumes of butanediol are used in the manufacture of engineering plastics such as polybuty- lene terephthalate. Other significant uses for acetylene in specialty areas include acetylene black, vitamins A and E, flavor–fragrance (F & F) compounds, corrosion inhibitors, acetylenic surfactants, and pesticides. Acetylenic chemi- cals, polymers, and derivatives of potential value in re- search and commerce are also discussed. Some special aspects of acetylene chemistry research in Russia are also summarized.
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