Biologically

Biology is a natural science that is concerned with the study of life, its various forms and its function, how these organisms interact with each other and with the surrounding environment. The word biology in Greek is made up of two words: bio (βίος) meaning life. And loggia (-λογία) means science or study. Biology: the similarity of vegetation and animal cover on the edges of the African and American states, and the existence of the same fossil.

Branches of biology
Biology is an ancient science thousands of years old and modern biology began in the nineteenth century. This science has multiple branches. Among them are:

Anatomy
Botany
Biochemia
Biogeography
Biofisia
Cytology or cell science
Ecology or environmental science

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Isolation of Receptor Clones
by Expression Screening in Xenopus Oocytes
Fumio Nakamura, Yoshio Goshima,
Stephen M. Strittmatter, and Susumu Kawamoto
1. Introduction
Xenopus laevis oocytes have contributed greatly to the study of glutamate
receptors. The isolation of the first cDNA clone for a glutamate receptor channel, GluR1, was achieved by utilizing an oocyte expression cloning system (1).
In 1991–1992, three groups reported the isolation of cDNA clones encoding of
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel subunit (2–4). Two of the
three groups employed the oocyte system to isolate NMDA receptor clones
(2,3). Furthermore, a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) clone was also
identified with the oocyte system (5).
This technique was pioneered by Nakanishi’s group to identify a G-proteincoupled substance-K receptor (6). It combines transient protein expression in
oocytes with highly sensitive electrophysiological analysis. Xenopus oocyte
possesses an efficient machinery to translate protein from RNA. Its large size
(~1 mm) allows injection of RNA and two-electrode voltage clamp with relative ease. The voltage-clamp method can detect trace concentrations of channel proteins in cellular membranes. Since the oocyte itself is a living cell, it has
a set of intracellular signal cascades. For example, the phosphatidylinositol
(PI) turnover initiated by G-protein-coupled receptors activates Ca2+-sensitive
Cl– channels in the oocyte membrane, producing a large inward current (6–8).
The combination of these features has facilitated the isolation of dozens of
cDNA clones from voltage-dependent ion channels, to ligand-gated ion channels, to G-protein-coupled receptors, to transporters. A further advantage of
this system is that prior to creating cDNA libraries, poly(A)+ RNA from various tissues can be screened in entire or in fractionated states

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